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SIY7.TXT
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SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 33
Chapter 7
Slope Distance and Clinometers
In this chapter you will calculate the horizontal distance from the slope
distance. You may construct and use a clinometer.
You will need:
a) Silva Ranger type 15 compass, available for $41 + $5 shipping & handling
from CAVE Inc, 1/2 Fast Road, Ritner, KY 42639. 606/376-3137.
b) These instructions,
c) Semicircular protractor, string, and weight, available for $1 from CAVE Inc,
1/2 Fast Road, Ritner, KY 42639. This item is optional if your Ranger has a
built-in clinometer.
You will not need:
a) An assistant,
b) A deed.
When you measured the distance on the ground from one station to another, you
were measuring the slope distance. What you are supposed to be plotting on
your map is the horizontal distance. If your land is flat and level, like a
salt flat, then these distances are equal. Otherwise, the slope distance
overstates the horizontal distance. The slope angle, or inclination, is the
angle between your tape as you read it and true horizontal level.
The inclination is measured with an instrument called an inclinometer,
sometimes called a clinometer (without the "in" [Is that a proper preposition
not to end a sentence with?]). Zero is level. The inclination is recorded in
degrees, either plus (uphill), or minus (downhill).
When you get around to using CAVEMAP1.BAS you will find Graph 2 there. Or you
could register this disk and I'll send you the graphs.
Look at Graph 2. This represents the cross section of a hill. The survey
stations are named with letters. The distance to station B from station A is
300 feet. Measure this with the ruler on your compass using the scale of 100
feet per inch.
SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 34
The inclination is 10 degrees. Measure it with the semicircular protractor.
If it has been too many years since you have touched a protractor, just
remember that any seventh grader can help you. Place the small hole [not the
middle of the ruler] in the protractor over the starting station. Turn the
protractor so that the horizontal line from the station goes thru the 0 degree
mark. This is the long line where the graduations begin and end. Read the
inclination on the scale where the slope line crosses it.
There are two scales so that you can use either end of the protractor. To know
which scale to use, think about what you are measuring. The size of the
inclination angle starts at 0 when both directions are the same. Small slopes,
small numbers.
Be sure that you use the hole and line about a half inch back from the ruler
edge of the protractor. You might have to extend some lines on your map to
make them reach the scale. Just extend as necessary.
You can also use your Ranger for this purpose. The method is very similar to
that of getting a compass direction from a map. Lay the compass on the drawing
with the side of the base plate along the line whose slope you wish to
measure. Then turn the dial until the black [or red, if you have an old
Ranger] meridian lines align with the horizontal lines on your drawing. Read
the slope from the dial under the index blob. If you have a reading of 300 &
something, then subtract it from 360. If you have a reading near 180, then
read the blob near the latch rather than the index blob. Then figure the sign
of the inclination; up is positive, down is negative.
Now measure the distance to station D from Station A. You can't do this in
reality unless you are a miner, so be content to do it on paper. Use the ruler
on the compass which is graduated in twentieths of an inch.
Measure a little bit more carefully. The distance is just a little short of
300 feet. The actual horizontal distance is 295 feet.
This was calculated with the help of something called the cosine, abbr. COS,
pronounced "cosign". For those of you who never have had a trigonometry
course [I'm one of you], the COS is simply the horizontal distance divided by
the slope distance. For any given angle, the COS of that angle will always be
that same number. This is not magic. It is the definition of cosine.
Horizontal distance divided by slope distance equals the cosine of the
inclination. The symbol for divide in computerese is "/".
HDIST / TAPE = COS (INCL)
Rearranged in a more useful way, HDIST = TAPE * COS (INCL)
SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 35
That is, to calculate the horizontal distance, multiply the measured slope
distance times the cosine of the measured inclination. The symbol for multiply
in computerese is "*".
Or you can draw a picture on a piece of graph paper and measure it there. At
first all this fancy mathematics is magic. Draw yourself pictures until it
isn't magic anymore. And if it ever seems like magic again, draw pictures
until the magic runs out.
Playing with magic is dangerous.
Don't! Magic is for such as magicians and preachers.
If you are interested in the vertical distance between stations B and D, you
could drill a well. On paper, you can easily measure this distance with a
ruler. There is also a mathematical way to calculate the vertical distance.
The vertical distance equals the slope distance times the sine, abbr. SIN,
pronounced "sign", of the inclination. IUP = TAPE * SIN (INCL). The
calculated vertical distance is 52 feet.
On the other side of the imaginary hill, measure all the distances and angles.
By calculation, the slope distance is 152 feet, the horizontal distance is 143
feet, the vertical distance is minus 52 feet, and the inclination is minus 20
degrees.
If you don't get these numbers, what sorts of mistakes could you have made?
What sorts of mistakes could the typesetter have made? What sorts of mistakes
could the printer have made? What sorts of mistakes could the draftsman have
made? [Authors don't make mistakes!] Are these errors or blunders?
Now calculate the run from A to B to C. And the run from A to D to C. What is
the difference in going over the hill rather than going thru it? Is this enuf
error to be a problem to you?
The sine and cosine can be easily obtained with a fancy scientific calculator.
Just enter the angle and push the button labeled SIN or COS. Or just stick
with graph paper.
SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 36
Sine Table
Angle SIN COS Angle SIN COS Angle SIN COS
0 0.000 1.000 15 0.256 0.966 30 0.500 0.866
1 0.017 1.000 16 0.276 0.961 31 0.515 0.857
2 0.035 0.999 17 0.292 0.956 32 0.530 0.848
3 0.052 0.999 18 0.309 0.951 33 0.545 0.839
4 0.070 0.998 19 0.326 0.946 34 0.559 0.829
5 0.087 0.996 20 0.342 0.940 35 0.574 0.819
6 0.104 0.995 21 0.358 0.934 36 0.588 0.809
7 0.122 0.993 22 0.375 0.927 37 0.602 0.799
8 0.139 0.990 23 0.391 0.921 38 0.616 0.788
9 0.156 0.988 24 0.407 0.914 39 0.629 0.777
10 0.174 0.985 25 0.423 0.906 40 0.643 0.766
11 0.191 0.982 26 0.438 0.899 41 0.656 0.755
12 0.208 0.978 27 0.454 0.891 42 0.669 0.743
13 0.225 0.974 28 0.470 0.883 43 0.682 0.731
14 0.242 0.970 29 0.485 0.875 44 0.695 0.719
45 0.707 0.707
How much error are you willing to tolerate so that you don't have to fiddle
with the clinometer and the arithmetic? If you are making a pace map, don't
even bother thinking about the clinometer error. The change in your pace
length is more than the error which you would produce by ignoring the
clinometer. And if it is too steep to walk comfortably, it is too steep to
pace.
SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 37
Silva made a Ranger type 15TCL with a built-in clinometer. Except for
measuring strike and dip while mapping geologic structure, I personally dislike
the clinometer Ranger. For surveying, I would rather use my homemade
clinometer than the built-in Silva Ranger clinometer. The new Ranger type 15CL
comes with a much improved clinometer. It is just as inconvenient to use, but
the new and improved clinometer doesn't get in the way like the old one.
To use the clinometer on a Ranger compass for surveying, set the compass
reading to either 90 or 270 (due East or due West). Open the sighting mirror
to about 45 degrees. Flop the Ranger on its side so that the base plate is
vertical. Tilt it front to back and sight your target along the top, which is
really the side of the base plate. Look in the mirror and read your
inclination. Note that you must read the clinometer while you are sighting it
and that the base plate must be vertical so that the clinometer pointer swings
freely. Unlike the compass reading, the clinometer reading is not preserved.
An alternate method is to very carefully rotate the Ranger flat while still
sighting along the edge of the base plate towards your target. Now you can
read the clinometer scale more easily. The clinometer reading is preserved
until you jiggle or bump the compass. If it is worth using the clinometer, it
is worth reading twice so that you know that you have not bumped the reading.
An alternative alternate method is to open the mirror all the way and hold the
Ranger vertical and crosswise in front of you. This method cannot be used to
determine the inclination from station A to station B. It can tell you the
slope of a far away hillside in profile, or the dip in a road cut. Actually,
you are reading apparent slope or apparent dip. Play around with it until you
see the difference between dip and apparent dip. Or maybe you couldn't give a
dip about strike and dip.
I use an Abney level for my surveying work. An Abney level costs about $75. I
doubt that most of you would need it even if it were already in your pocket.
But do build the protractor clinometer and/or experiment with the clinometer on
the Ranger. Use it when the land is steep enuf or valuable enuf to be worth
the effort. You decide. If nothing else, you can use it to determine the
height of standing trees. Same trigonometry.
Build your own clinometer.
The homemade protractor clinometer consists of three parts: the protractor, the
weight, and the string. Tie one end of the string thru the small hole and
around the ruler edge of the protractor, so that the string pivots from the
small hole. Tie the weight on the other end of the string. The string should
be long enuf so that the weight clears the curved edge of the protractor.
SIY7.TXT Slope Distance and Clinometers 38
To read an inclination with your new instrument, hold the protractor with the
curved side down out in front of you at arm's length. Sight along the top edge
to your target. Tilt the protractor a little so that the string swings free of
the scale. Get a good sight and tilt the protractor straight again. Hold the
string against the scale with a finger until you read it. Unfortunately, this
is not the inclination. Level, 0 degrees inclination, reads 90 on the
protractor scale. The inclination which you want is the scale reading minus
90. Uphill is plus, downhill is minus.
I know this indirect reading is a hassle. Hopefully your land is level enuf so
that you can leave the clinometer in your pocket. Anyone knowing a source of
cheap semicircular protractors with 0 in the center of the scale, please let me
know.
Usually the inclination can be safely ignored in all but the more accurate
surveying or on steep ground. But only usually. You must be alert to this
error. And this is a systematic error. The error is all the same way; the
horizontal distance is always shorter than the measured slope distance.
But don't get carried away when following a previous surveyor who didn't even
know that there is a difference between the slope distance and the true
horizontal distance. As one of the local realtors here in backwoods Kentucky
sez, "The Good Lord put the land here on the sides of the hills so's that He
could fit more acres in here."
Dave Beiter
CAVE Inc
1/2 Fast Road
Ritner, KY 42639.
606/376-3137